Gingival retraction methods for fabrication of fixed partial denture: literature review

Fixed dental prosthesis success requires appropriate impression taking of the prepared finish line. This is critical in either tooth supported fixed prosthesis [crown and bridge] or implant supported fixed prosthesis [solid abutment]. If the prepared finish line is adjacent to the gingival sulcus, gingival retraction techniques should be used to decrease the marginal discrepancy among the restoration and the prepared abutment. Accurate marginal positioning of the restoration in the prepared finish line of the abutment is required for therapeutic, preventive and aesthetic purposes. In this article, conventional and modern methods of gingival retraction in the fixed tooth supported prosthesis and fixed implant supported prosthesis are expressed. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched manually for studies on gingival tissue managements prior to impression making in fixed dental prosthesis since 1975. Conclusions were extracted and summarized. Keywords were impression making, gingival retraction, cordless retraction, and implant. Gingival retraction techniques can be classified as mechanical, chemical or surgical. In this article, different gingival management techniques are discussed

[Investigation of correlation between mothers' marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescent in Shiraz]

Depression is the most prevalent malady of the century. About 20 per cent of adolescents between 13 and 19 experience at least a fit of depression before 18. The present study investigated the relationship between mothers' marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescents in Shiraz, Iran. A correlational study was carried out on 300 teenagers of 14-19 years old [160 females and 140 males] and their mothers in educational year of 2009-10, whom were randomly selected among a pool of students from Shiraz's four Educational Districts. A depression questionnaire with 21 items and a questionnaire of marital satisfaction with 47 items helped in collection of data. Pearson's correlation of coefficients, regression, and independent t-tests helped in data analysis. The current study found depression among teenagers as 43.4 per cent and their mothers' marital satisfaction as 19.2 per cent. We found an inverse significant relationship between marital satisfaction and adolescent depression in both genders [P<0.00d1], with mothers' marital satisfaction accounting for 0.52 per cent of depression among their teenagers. There was a difference between male and female teenagers in their depression scores [P<0.05]. There was also a negative significant relationship between teenagers' depression and mother's education and family economic status. Our findings underscored the importance of educational programs intended to prevent depression among teenagers

[Association of between mental health and spiritual health among students in Shiraz university]

Spiritual health is one of the most important social - cultural factors that may predict mental health. The main purpose of this study was to assess association between mental health and spiritual health among students in Shiraz University. A descriptive-correlational design was used for the study. The study was conducted in 2012. A total number of 474 students [237 female and 237 male] were recruited in this study using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected using Goldberg's Mental Health Questionnaire and Pulutzyn and Ellison spiritual health questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSSI6 software and two categories of descriptive and inferential statistical methods correlation and regression and t- tests. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant relationship between mental health and spiritual health scores in both sexes [P<001]. Variable of spiritual health, can predict 70 percent mental health in female and male. T-test results showed that there is a difference between the means of spiritual health in boys and girls [p< 0105]. Changings in the educational system and paying attention to mental health and spiritual health to meet the needs of students may be necessary. There is a need for further applied research for testing interventions to promote mental health and spiritual health students

[Evaluation of hospital information systems from the users' viewpoints in Tehran]

Hospital information systems [HIS] are considered prerequisites for the efficient delivery of high quality health care in hospitals. A dialogue is suitable, if it supports the users to realize their tasks effectively and efficiently. Only those parts of the software are presented, which are necessary to fulfill the task. This is a descriptive cross- sectional study. The hospitals which have hospital information systems in Tehran were selected. Then, between these hospitals, depends on companies providing these systems, one hospital was randomly selected. Finally, it was surveyed hospital information systems usability form viewpoint of department secretaries, the nurses and para units users through the standard questionnaire of IsoMetric 9241/10. Data analysis was performed using descriptive tests by SPSS statistical Software. Findings showed that the means of suitability for the task was 3.04 from 5, with respect to users view. Suitability for the task was rated low especially by Para clinic users [2.96] while secretaries [3.03] and nursing staff [3.13] gave the better ratings, but being far from good. It seems that developers of HIS should pay more attention to the following criteria in the software development life cycle: The software should not force user to perform tasks that are not related to his actual work. I am able to adjust the presentation of results to my various work requirements. The important commands required to perform my work are easy to find

[ impact of puberty health education on self concept of adolescents]

Introduction: Adolescents, as a large age group in the world, face many physical and psychological changes in their puberty period. If enough attention is not paid to such changes, may be girls won't knowledge and self concept to charge the case. Health education proper to their needs and through new educational methods and reliable sources is of great importance. This study mainly aims to examine the impact of puberty health education on self concept of adolescents

Method: In this experimental trial training study, through random sampling, 159 femail high school divided in to two groups of experimental [N=86] and control [N=73]. Then with a systemic educational plan, all students and their mothers in experimental group were instructed. Data was gathered by demographic questionnaire and Cooper smith's self esteem scale. Questionnaires were completed by students in three phases [before and after training and three months after the end of educational program]. Data were analyzed by parametric tests, independent T test and chi square

Results: There were no significant difference among total mean scores of self concept in pre intervention phase [P=0.416], but, there were significant difference in two groups in post intervention phase and three months after the intervention [P=0.002] and [P<0.001]

Conclusion: Performing systemic educational programs during puberty has a crucial role in young girl's self concept increase

validation study of adjuvant online using Iranian breast cancer data

Introduction: Adjuvant Online! [AOL] is used extensively by oncologists in Iran to treat patients with breast cancer; however, it has never been validated for use in Iran, and its predictions might not be applicable to Iranian patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of this program in predicting the outcomes of Iranian patients with breast cancer

Patients and methods: 368 patients who were treated between 1997 and 2010 at Jorjani Cancer Center entered the study. Data for each patient, including tumor size, number of positive nodes, tumor grade, ER status, and adjuvant systemic therapy, were entered into the AOL program [version 8.0], and the calculated disease free survival [DFS] was compared with the observed one. Analyses were performed using Cox regression modeling and SPSS 17.0 software, and P values < 0.05 were considered significant

Results: Observed disease free survival [DFS] in our study was 72 months, while the calculated DFS by AOL was 68 months. In all subgroups of AOL, calculated DFS was less than observed DFS except for patients receiving Tamoxifen + Aromatase Inhibitors + Ovarian Ablation hormone therapy, for whom the calculated DFS was 2 percent more than the observed one

Conclusion: AOL underestimated overall survival and disease free survival rates in Iranian patients with breast cancer, which in our opinion was mainly due to the shorter period of follow-up in our study. Although AOL is widely used by Iranian oncologists, we believe that developing an Iranian version of a prediction tool would better predict the prognosis of our patients

[ relationship between health care providers' perceptions of patient safety culture and patients' perceptions of medical errors in teaching hospitals in Tehran: 2011]

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between care providers' perception of patient safety culture and patients' perception of medical errors in teaching hospitals in Tehran. It was a descriptive analytical and Cross- Sectional study. The population consisted of 216 health care providers and 216 patients selected using stratified random sampling in 13 general teaching hospitals in Tehran. Hospital Survey of Patient Safety Culture was used to assess health care providers' perceptions of patient safety culture and a researcher-made questionnaire was developed to assess patients' perceptions of medical errors. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test. The results showed an expected direction [negative] among the relationships and coefficients correlation between patient perception of medical errors and hospital management supported the patient safety [r=-0.586, p= 0.035], frequency of event reporting [r=-0.625, p= 0.022], hospital handoffs and transition [r= -0.637, p= 0.019] and HSOPS dimension average [r= -0.602, p=0.03] were statistically significant. The findings supported the idea that there are fewer medical errors in hospitals with more positive patient safety culture. Further research is needed to determine the generalizability of these results to other hospitals and to assess the relationship between patient safety culture and other patient outcomes

[Self esteem and its associated factors in patients with multiple sclerosis]

Multiple sclerosis [MS] as a progressive disorder can deteriorate body image and the feeling of attractiveness and influence patients' self-esteem through changing their cognitive experiences and attitude towards their body. Accordingly this study was conducted with aim of assessing self esteem and its related factors in patients with MS. It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The subjects [n=395] were recruited by convenience sampling from Multiple Sclerosis Society in Tehran. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory was used as data collection tool. Data was analyzed by independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, spearman correlation coefficient, chi-square test and post hoc Scheffe test using SPSS-PC [version 16]. The mean score of self-esteem was 17/5 +/- 53/20. Most patients had moderate self-esteem, and only a small percentage of them [16.2%] had high self esteem. There were significant relationship between the patients' self-esteem and their age, educational level, marital status, employment status and the duration of disease [P<0.05]. Nurses are able to consider the patients' esteem needs by recognition of high risk groups and provide appropriate interventions to improve the quality of life of these patients and their families

[Comparing the effect of two methods of distraction and touch on intensity of pain related to venipuncture in 5-10 years old children]

The pain related to invasive procedures such as venipuncture, causes physical and psychological stress in children and therefore should be given relief. Methods that reduce the pain related to invasive procedures in children are among the major priorities in nursing profession. This study compared the effect of two methods of distraction and touch on pain in 5-10 years old children. It was a randomized clinical trial. One hundred and twenty children, hospitalized in educational hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences were randomly assigned to three groups of bubble blowing, touch and control. The first group was encouraged to play with bubbles before and during venipuncture, the second group received touch peripheral to injection area before and during venipuncture and the third group received routine care. Immediately after injection, pain intensity was assessed by Wong-Baker faces scale. The data were analyzed by Chi-square, ANOVA, and Shefeh tests using SPSS-PC [v.11]. The findings showed that the mean score of pain intensity in bubble making group, touch group, and control group was 5.77, 5.95 and 8.12 respectively. ANOVA test results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean score of pain intensity in control group and touch and bubble making groups [P=0.00]. No significant differences was found between the pain intensity of bubble making and touch groups [p=0.89]. Distraction and touch are effective methods for reducing injection pain in children. These procedures are among easy to use and practical nursing interventions that help children to cope with this common painful experience

[Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

Complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] frequently lead to impaired social life, physical Function and daily activities in these patients and finaly the health-related quality of life [HRQL] of these patients will decrease. The aim of this study was to determine HRQL and its relationship with some demographic variables. Using a cross-sectional descriptive design, 331 COPD patients admitted to hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences were recruited by constant sampling. Data collection tools included demographic information form and HRQL questionnaire [SF-36]. Data was analyzed using SPSS [v.16], descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and Independent t- test. The findings showed a reduction in HRQL especially in physical health dimension. Significant relationships were found between HRQL and some demographic characteristics such as gender, education level, duration of disease, type of medication and hospitalizations frequency during the past year [P <0.05]. Regarding the relationship between HRQL and some demographic variables, using appropriate caring approaches such as executing educational programs about adequate activity, breathing exercices, techniques promoting breathing pattern and right ways of using medications in COPD patients is recommended

[Correlation between partner violence and preterm labor]

As an experience, partner violence is so painful and pregnancy has been recognized as a high risk period for such unpleasant conditions. Partner violence could be one in a set of intervening reasons which may lead to preterm labor. Preterm birth is one of midwifery serious complications and early recognition is of prime health objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of partner violence and its correlation with preterm labor in hospitalized post natal women. This was a cross-sectional study carried out on 600 women hospitalized at the post natal ward of Shahid Akbar-Abadi Educational Hospital, affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran during 2009. Data collection tool was a two-sectioned questionnaire in which the first part was allocated to demographic/midwifery information and the second part composed of question aimed to screen for presence of partner violence. The questionnaire was completed through interview and medical records. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test, statistically. The overall frequency of partner violence was 56.3% [338 out of 600 cases] categorized in three types as emotional [42.9%], psychological [2.1%], and, physical [2.1%]. There was a significant correlation between the partner violence and preterm labor. According to rather high frequency of partner violence and its correlation with preterm labor, it is suggested that a screening procedure to detect the partner violence to be established in all prenatal care centers to prevent the harmful effects of partner violence in particular the preterm labor

Survey of Usability of Hospital Information Systems from the perspective of Nurses, Department Secretaries, and par aclinic Users in Selected hospitals: 2009

User satisfaction is a key factor for the success of any information system. Evaluation of hospital information systems HIS is valueless without analyzing users' satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to survey the view point s of nurses, secretaries and paraclinic users about the usability of HIS in selected hospitals. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009. A questionnaire, based on the international standard ISO 9241/10, was used to evaluate the usability of HIS. Initially, all hospitals in Tehran with HIS and companies providing the systems were identified. Then, a hospital from among the hospitals, supported by each company, was randomly selected. Finally, the usability of HIS was assessed from the perspective of nurses, department secretaries and paraclinic users through the standard questionnaire of IsoMetric. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive statistics and one sample t-test. The findings show that HIS usability was favorable from the perspective of nurses. However, it was perceived less desirable by paraclinic users. The difference in viewpoints suggests that users'job affect the rate of their satisfaction. It is recommended that system providers pay special attention to the needs of paraclinic users, when designing HIS

[Nursing minimum data set: an essential need for Iranian health care system]

Nurses are the largest groups in health care delivery system. Nursing Information systems [NIS] are important for improving nursing performance, increasing nursing knowledge and providing data and information needed for nursing. Identifying Nursing Minimum Data Set [NMDS] is the first step for development of NIS. Considering the absence of NMDS in Iran, this study was conducted with the aim of assessing NMDS needs and giving recommendations for Iran health care system. It was a descriptive developmental study. NMDS was searched in several countries; nursing data elements gathered into a questionnaire and then, were prioritized by experts. Using SPSS-PC [v.16.5], mean scores of priorities were calculated and those with more than 80% of mean score [m=2.9] were selected. Findings showed that most data elements had high priority from within nurses, perspective except "residential status [m=2.34 of 3]", "nurses, employment startup date [m=2.36 of 3]", "number of patients [m=2.32 of 3]", "employment end date [m=2.29 of 3]", "Reimbursement type [m=2.23 of 3]", Nurse Gender [m=2.05 of 3] and Nursing budget [m=1.97 of 3]. Elements for Iranian Nursing Minimum Data Set [IrNMDS] were offered as nursing care data elements [5 Items], Patient data element [14 Items] and service data element [14 Items]. Validity and reliability assessment of data set content, in-service education for nurses and more comprehensive studies regarding the clinical use of this data set is recommended

[Correlation between nurses' conflict level and application of negotiation styles by head nurses in general hospitals of Boushehr province [2007]]

Conflict and dispute are inevitable phenomena in man's life and considered as necessity of social activities. Healthcare system, especially nursing ward is susceptible to develop kinds of conflict that must be directed and controlled by head nurses. Negotiation as an advantageous, effective and factual method is known to resolve the conflict. This research intended to investigate the correlation between nurses' conflict level and head nurses negotiation styles at general hospitals in province of Boushehr. This was a kind of correlation study carried out in a given time course in 2007. The study population consisted of 362 nurses and 53 head nurses from general hospitals in Boushehr province south of Iran. Two questionnaires including the Dubrin conflict and Pierre negotiation styles questionnaires were used to collect data based on literature survey. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used for data analysis. Results showed that the nurse's conflict level was located at average level except for Fatemeh Zahra Hospital in which a high level of conflict was observed. Head nurses had overuse of factual, analytic and normative negotiation style with only proper use of initiative negotiation style. There was a reverse correlation between the nurse's conflict level and the use of negotiation styles yet no significant difference between these variables was demonstrated. Hospital managers must recognize the causes of conflict to properly handle it. There are some important chances in hospitals with average level of conflict to improve the performance and produce creativity. These opportunities could be used as competitive advantage in health markets. Head nurses must learn conflict resolving skills such as negotiation but they must also use these skills correctly and adjust their negotiation styles on the basis of special situations

[Informational and structural needs of nursing data classification in computerized systems]

Healthcare classification systems help to gather information and process health data. Nursing management focus on developing computerized records to answer legal, managerial and clinical needs. The Classification systems help organizations to use nursing data. This study investigated informational and structural needs of nursing data classification. This descriptive-comparative study was carried out in 2009. Current classification systems for nursing were investigated and their specifications were gathered in a questionnaire. The items were prioritized by experts in four degrees. Using statistical analysis items with a priority over 80 percent [average 2.4] were selected. Findings about nursing diagnosis, intervention and outcomes showed that diagnosis item [average 2.93 out of 3], intervention item [average 2.52 out of 3], and outcome item [average 2.84 out of 3] should be presented in the system. Structure of nursing data classification was identified as a hierarchical and combinational classification. The computerized terminology [average 1.86 out of 3] had no priority. It is suggested to make decisions for standardizing nursing data to use in computerized systems. Since, nursing system in Iran is moving toward defining tariff for nursing services, coding nursing care components will help this plan to be developed

[Toxoplasmosis infection in the pregnant women in the first half of pregnancy, in Kamyaran in 2008]

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii which is an obligate intracellular parasite. Toxoplasmosis in the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to dangerous fetal complications. After diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, proper treatment or curettage of the fetus should be attempted in order to prevent long term disabilities in the newborn. The aim of this study was to determine IgM and IgG anti toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women in the first trimester. This was a discriptive analytic study. 201 blood samples were obtained from pregnant women in the first trimester. Anti toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by ELISA method and data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics. In this study, 24 subjects [12%] were IgM positive, 54 [27%] IgG positive and 33 [16.5%] were positive for both IgM and IgG antibodies. In general 55% of pregnant women were seropositive for IgM, IgG or both. The results of this study showed a significant relation between education level and serum levels of anti toxopalsma antibodies [P?0.05], but no significant relationship was found between: occupation, contact with cats or other pets, consumption of unwashed fruits and vegetables, raw or underdone meat and raw milk with presence of toxoplasmosis. Considering the high prevalence of serum anti toxoplasma antibodies in pregnant women in the first trimester, screening of the pregnant women in the first trimester is necessary to prevent fetal complications or to take therapeutic measures for the affected newborns

[Perspectives of patients and nurses on the reality of learning cardiac heart failure educational content]

While patient education promotes compliance to treatment and self-care ability, short hospital length of stay, anxiety, illness, and sleep disorders can interfere with this approach. It is not clear how realistic is to learn during the short hospitalization period, from nurses' and patients' perspectives. This study aimed to compare perspectives of patients and nurses on the reality of learning cardiac heart failure educational content in Shahid Rajaee heart hospital. In this cross-sectional study, two hundred and fifty one patients and 181 nurses were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the reality part of CHFPLNI and were analyzed in SPSS-11. Most of the patients were male [82.4%]; most of the nurses were female [85.6%]. The mean ages of patients and nurses were 55.18 and 35.15, respectively. The mean hospitalization period was 4.26 days and the mean duration of heart failure was 10.70 years. The majority of nurses had not participated in advanced preparation courses. Patients and nurses had agreement on the reality of medication learning. Patients rated medication [P < 0.001], diet information [P < 0.001], other information [P < 0.001] and the total scale [P < 0.001] as more realistic than the nurses did. Female nurses [P=0.012] and nurses with advanced preparation [P < 0.001] perceived learning needs as more realistic than the other nurses. Regarding discordance between patients' and nurses' perspectives on the reality of learning, nurses may postpone to implement educational program. Patients' perspectives should be considered in the establishment of heart failure educational programs

[Adolescents' attitudes toward Ecstasy using]

Using illicit drugs such as Ecstasy is a deviant behavior in adolescents. Attitude toward using illicit drugs can predict its usage. This study was carried out in order to determine the adolescents' attitude toward using Ecstasy in 2006. In this cross-sectional study, eight hundred adolescents aged 16-18 years who lived in the west of Tehran recruited from public regions of municipality. Data was gathered using authors-structured questionnaire. After filling in informed consents, the questionnaires were completed by the respondents. Findings revealed that 78.9% of the adolescents had negative attitudes and 17.5% had positive attitudes toward using Ecstasy. Boys and girls attitudes were not significantly different. Regarding relatively high negative attitudes among the adolescents toward Ecstasy using, it seems that investments in health promoting programs were appropriate. Nevertheless, along with these programs, parents and teachers should pay more attention to the issue

[Association between dietary factors and renal stones in adults]

Urolithiasis is the third urinary disease and evidence shows that its incidence has increased continually during the past decades. The relationship between urinary stones and diet is known to some extent, but there are controversies about it. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between dietary habits, food intake patterns and urinary stone disease. This was a case-control study with 161 adult patients with urinary stone disease referred to Hasheminejad Urology Center, Tehran, Iran, and 254 healthy subjects matched for age and gender. All the subjects were interviewed using a questionnaire to obtain data on demographic characteristics, dietary habits, and food consumption frequency. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 14. The independent T-test, chi square and regression were used to examine the differences. Findings showed that male-to-female ratio was 1.98:1. The prevalence of renal stone was highest in men aged between 30 and 50 years and in women aged between 40 and 60 years. There were no differences in height and weight between the two groups, but BMI was significantly higher in the case group [p=0.007]. A family history of renal stones was observed more frequently in the patients [59% compared to 31.9%; p<0.001]. The mean intakes of food sources of several nutrients were lower in the patients than in the healthy subjects: calcium [p=0.048], phosphorus [p=0.001], potassium [p<0.0001], vitamin A [p<0.0001], vitamin D [p<0.0001], and vitamin C [p=0.004]. Regression analysis confirmed the differences between the two groups as regards sources of vitamins A and D. The intakes of sources of magnesium and vitamin B6, as well as of foods rich in oxalate, were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Results suggest that there are associations between urinary stone formation and the dietary intakes of nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin C. Considering the challenges of treatment and the costs of this relatively common disease, dietary recommendations may be an easy and cost-effective way to reduce its burden

Relation between prayer activity and spiritual well being in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Cancer as one of the most common chronic illnesses is a stressful factor affecting physical, psychological, and spiritual dimensions. Prayer is a source of resistance against these crises, especially in spiritual domain, promoting spiritual well-being. The aim of the current study is to examine the relationship between prayer activity and spiritual well-being in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Three handred and sixty patients who were more than 20 years old, alert to their disease, and able to read and write participated in this study. Data collection was done by Meraviglia's prayer [2002] and Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being [1982] questionnaires. Data analysis was done by SPSS program. Findings showed that the mean scores of prayer practice and spiritual well being were respectively [94.5 +/- 12.98] and [98.35 +/- 14.36]. Direct and significant relationship was found between prayer practice and spiritual well-being. [p = 0.001, r = 0.61]. Regarding the results that show the relationship between prayer practice and spiritual well being of the patients, nurses should consider prayer as a health promoting strategy in caring programs and choose a comprehensive and holistic approach toward their patients